Screening Training

Drug Test/Screening Collector Training & Certification, Ringwood, NJ

For

Collection Sites, Medical Facilities, DER's, HR Managers, Safety Managers, Court Personnel, Probation Officers, TPA's

Accredited Drug Testing provides a comprehensive online/web-based Urine Drug Testing Collector Training and Certification course in Ringwood, NJ for persons required as part of their responsibilities to perform or supervise urine drug testing specimen collections. The collector training program may be completed with or without the required mock collection proficiency assessments. Upon completion of the training program, students will receive a certificate of successful completion of the training course. In Ringwood, NJ to be qualified/certified as a DOT urine drug test collector, you must satisfactorily complete both the training course and a minimum of 5 error free proficiency mock demonstrations.

The Drug Test Collector plays a critical role in the workplace drug screening process. Along with the employer, the testing facility and the Medical Review Officer (MRO), the collector is an essential part of a system developed to ensure drug-free workplaces for the sake of public safety.

As the collector, you are the only individual in the drug-testing process who has direct, face-to-face contact with the employee. You ensure the integrity of the urine specimen and collection process and begin the chain of custody that includes the laboratory; the MRO; the employer; and, possibly, the courts.

This training is a professional-level course that provides the knowledge and skills to qualify Drug Test Collectors to perform U.S. Department of Transportation-regulated drug tests and non-regulated tests. Course participants also have the option of becoming professionally certified after completion of this course. This designation confirms that the collector is committed to the highest standards in the drug and alcohol testing industry.

The Course

This professional-level course meets the regulatory standards of U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) rule 49 CFR Part 40 and provides a solid foundation for a wide range of testing programs.

  • Library of terms & resources
  • Universal skills set
  • Multiple industries
  • Lessons
  • DOT Qualification
  • Public sector
  • Short quizzes & final examination
  • Professional Certification
  • Private sector
  • Mock collections
  • Regulated by local, state and federal authorities
  • Signature

How to become a DOT Qualified Urine Colletor?

To become qualified as a collector, you must be knowledgeable about Part 40 regulations, the current "DOT Urine Specimen Collection Procedures Guidelines," and DOT agency regulations applicable to the employers for whom you will perform collections, and you must keep current on any changes to these materials. You must also (1) successfully complete a qualification training program and (2) pass a monitored proficiency demonstration, as required by DOT regulations [See 49 CFR Part 40.33 (b-c), effective August 1, 2001]. Please note: there is no "grandfather" clause or waiver from this requirement. A collector's qualifications are not location/collection site specific, and their eligibility will follow them anywhere DOT Agency regulated urine specimens are collected. There is no requirement for qualified collectors to register or to be on any federally-maintained or federally-sponsored list, but they are required to maintain (for Federal inspection) documentation of successful completion of their training and proficiency demonstration requirements.

How to Take the Course

The Drug Test Collector Training involves multiple parts that need to be completed in a specific order to achieve certification.

  1. Before starting the training, the collector must:
  2. Take the course Pre-Test to show familiarity with the subject matter based on a review of the materials provided.
  3. Complete the lessons of the training along with the required short quizzes.
  4. Take the final exam. A score of at least 90 percent is required.
  5. When you pass the online portion of this training, continue to the Next Steps lesson for instructions on how to set up five mock collections with a live examiner. These must be scheduled within 30 days of course completion and are required for qualification and certification.
  6. Once the mock collections are completed without error, you will be qualified and can perform both federally regulated and non-regulated drug test collections.
  7. To be certified, qualified collectors are asked to sign an agreement promising to adhere to the standards set in the training. The course administrator will then issue a certification form documenting that the collector is both a USDOT Qualified and Professionally Certified Drug Testing Collector. Contact the course administrator for more information.

10 FRANKLIN TPKE 5.1 miles

10 FRANKLIN TPKE
MAHWAH, NJ 7430
Categories: MAHWAH NJ

180 FRANKLIN TPKE 5.3 miles

180 FRANKLIN TPKE
MAHWAH, NJ 7430
Categories: MAHWAH NJ

Indian Rock Shopping Center, Route 59 & Hemion Road 6.0 miles

Indian Rock Shopping Center, Route 59 & Hemion Road
Suffern, NY 10901
Categories: Suffern NY

26 DEHART AVE 6.1 miles

26 DEHART AVE
HEWITT, NJ 7421
Categories: HEWITT NJ

19 YAWPO AVE 6.2 miles

19 YAWPO AVE
OAKLAND, NJ 7436
Categories: OAKLAND NJ

500 N Franklin Turnpike,, second floor 6.3 miles

500 N Franklin Turnpike,, second floor
Ramsey, NJ 7446
Categories: Ramsey NJ

222 ROUTE 59 7.5 miles

222 ROUTE 59
SUFFERN, NY 10901
Categories: SUFFERN NY

72 HAMBURG TPKE 8.5 miles

72 HAMBURG TPKE
RIVERDALE, NJ 7457
Categories: RIVERDALE NJ

83 HEWITT RD 8.7 miles

83 HEWITT RD
HEWITT, NJ 7421
Categories: HEWITT NJ

159 FRANKLIN TPKE 9.1 miles

159 FRANKLIN TPKE
WALDWICK, NJ 7463
Categories: WALDWICK NJ

140 FRANKLIN TPKE 9.2 miles

140 FRANKLIN TPKE
WALDWICK, NJ 7463
Categories: WALDWICK NJ

1395 Route 23S, Unit C-1 9.9 miles

1395 Route 23S, Unit C-1
Butler, NJ 7405
Categories: Butler NJ

85 CHESTNUT RIDGE RD 10.1 miles

85 CHESTNUT RIDGE RD
Montvale, NJ 7645
Categories: Montvale NJ

401 GOFFLE RD 10.8 miles

401 GOFFLE RD
RIDGEWOOD, NJ 7450
Categories: RIDGEWOOD NJ

759 HAMBURG TPKE 10.9 miles

759 HAMBURG TPKE
WAYNE, NJ 7470
Categories: WAYNE NJ

705 HAMBURG TPKE 10.9 miles

705 HAMBURG TPKE
WAYNE, NJ 7470
Categories: WAYNE NJ

1540 ROUTE 202 STE 6 11.1 miles

1540 ROUTE 202 STE 6
POMONA, NY 10970
Categories: POMONA NY

1114 GOFFLE RD 11.1 miles

1114 GOFFLE RD
HAWTHORNE, NJ 7506
Categories: HAWTHORNE NJ

55 OLD TURNPIKE RD STE 401 11.1 miles

55 OLD TURNPIKE RD STE 401
NANUET, NY 10954
Categories: NANUET NY

1 W RIDGEWOOD AVE STE G1 11.2 miles

1 W RIDGEWOOD AVE STE G1
PARAMUS, NJ 7652
Categories: PARAMUS NJ

401 Hamburg Turnpike, Suite 203 11.4 miles

401 Hamburg Turnpike, Suite 203
Wayne, NJ 7470
Categories: Wayne NJ

127 Union St, 11.5 miles

127 Union St,
Ridgewood, NJ 7450
Categories: Ridgewood NJ

307 HAMBURG TPKE, STE 103 11.6 miles

307 HAMBURG TPKE, STE 103
WAYNE, NJ 7470
Categories: WAYNE NJ

978 Route 45, Ste 202 11.7 miles

978 Route 45, Ste 202
Pomona, NY 10970
Categories: Pomona NY

420 Nanuet Mall S, Unit 307 11.9 miles

420 Nanuet Mall S, Unit 307
Nanuet, NY 10954
Categories: Nanuet NY

104 E ROUTE 59 12.1 miles

104 E ROUTE 59
NANUET, NY 10954
Categories: NANUET NY

259 N MIDDLETOWN RD 12.2 miles

259 N MIDDLETOWN RD
NANUET, NY 10954
Categories: NANUET NY

60 MAIN ST STE 2 C 12.3 miles

60 MAIN ST STE 2 C
WARWICK, NY 10990
Categories: WARWICK NY

67 E RIDGEWOOD AVE 13.2 miles

67 E RIDGEWOOD AVE
PARAMUS, NJ 7652
Categories: PARAMUS NJ

151 N Main St, Unit 307 13.6 miles

151 N Main St, Unit 307
New City, NY 10956
Categories: New City NY

16 BROOKWOOD RD 13.9 miles

16 BROOKWOOD RD
TOWACO, NJ 7082
Categories: TOWACO NJ

22-11 STATE RT 208 14.0 miles

22-11 STATE RT 208
FAIR LAWN, NJ 7410
Categories: FAIR LAWN NJ

212 STATE HIGHWAY 94 STE 1D 14.3 miles

212 STATE HIGHWAY 94 STE 1D
VERNON, NJ 7462
Categories: VERNON NJ

680 BROADWAY, UNIT B3 14.5 miles

680 BROADWAY, UNIT B3
PATERSON, NJ 7514
Categories: PATERSON NJ

225 US HIGHWAY 46 STE A 14.6 miles

225 US HIGHWAY 46 STE A
TOTOWA, NJ 7512
Categories: TOTOWA NJ

193 Route 17 South 14.7 miles

193 Route 17 South
Paramus, NJ 7652
Categories: Paramus NJ

500 UNION BLVD 14.8 miles

500 UNION BLVD
TOTOWA, NJ 7512
Categories: TOTOWA NJ

500 Union Blvd, 14.8 miles

500 Union Blvd,
Totowa, NJ 7512
Categories: Totowa NJ

15-01 BROADWAY 14.8 miles

15-01 BROADWAY
FAIR LAWN, NJ 7410
Categories: FAIR LAWN NJ

215 OLD HOOK RD 14.9 miles

215 OLD HOOK RD
WESTWOOD, NJ 7675
Categories: WESTWOOD NJ

33-00 Broadway, Suite 305 15.0 miles

33-00 Broadway, Suite 305
Fair Lawn, NJ 7410
Categories: Fair Lawn NJ

261 Old Hook Rd, 15.0 miles

261 Old Hook Rd,
Westwood, NJ 7675
Categories: Westwood NJ

680 Kinderkamack Rd, 15.3 miles

680 Kinderkamack Rd,
Oradell, NJ 7649
Categories: Oradell NJ

791 Route 17M, Monroe Shopping Center 15.3 miles

791 Route 17M, Monroe Shopping Center
Monroe, NY 10950
Categories: Monroe NY

15 ESSEX RD STE 5 15.3 miles

15 ESSEX RD STE 5
PARAMUS, NJ 7652
Categories: PARAMUS NJ

34 N ROUTE 9W 15.4 miles

34 N ROUTE 9W
WEST HAVERSTRAW, NY 10993
Categories: WEST HAVERSTRAW NY

123 MCAFEE VERNON RD STE 100 15.6 miles

123 MCAFEE VERNON RD STE 100
VERNON, NJ 7462
Categories: VERNON NJ

99 DUTCH HILL RD STE 1200 15.9 miles

99 DUTCH HILL RD STE 1200
ORANGEBURG, NY 10962
Categories: ORANGEBURG NY

150 FAIRFIELD RD 16.6 miles

150 FAIRFIELD RD
FAIRFIELD, NJ 7004
Categories: FAIRFIELD NJ

311 NORTH MIDLAND AVE 16.8 miles

311 NORTH MIDLAND AVE
NYACK, NY 10960
Categories: NYACK NY

505 STATE ROUTE 208 Ste 15 16.9 miles

505 STATE ROUTE 208 Ste 15
MONROE, NY 10950
Categories: MONROE NY

283 PIAGET AVE 16.9 miles

283 PIAGET AVE
CLIFTON, NJ 7011
Categories: CLIFTON NJ

338 W MAIN ST 17.0 miles

338 W MAIN ST
BOONTON, NJ 7005
Categories: BOONTON NJ

160 PARIS AVE STE 1 17.2 miles

160 PARIS AVE STE 1
NORTHVALE, NJ 7647
Categories: NORTHVALE NJ

On-site only 17.3 miles

On-site only
Clifton, NJ 7013
Categories: Clifton NJ

1139 MAIN AVENUE 17.4 miles

1139 MAIN AVENUE
CLIFTON, NJ 7015
Categories: CLIFTON NJ

46 PARSIPPANY BLVD 17.5 miles

46 PARSIPPANY BLVD
BOONTON, NJ 7005
Categories: BOONTON NJ

1011 CLIFTON AVE STE 2C 17.8 miles

1011 CLIFTON AVE STE 2C
CLIFTON, NJ 7013
Categories: CLIFTON NJ

40 WASHINGTON AVE 17.8 miles

40 WASHINGTON AVE
DUMONT, NJ 7628
Categories: DUMONT NJ

184 ESSEX ST 18.0 miles

184 ESSEX ST
LODI, NJ 7644
Categories: LODI NJ

385 Prospect Ave, 18.1 miles

385 Prospect Ave,
Hackensack, NJ 7601
Categories: Hackensack NJ

500 PIERMONT RD STE 304 18.3 miles

500 PIERMONT RD STE 304
CLOSTER, NJ 7624
Categories: CLOSTER NJ

170 PROSPECT AVE STE 201 18.4 miles

170 PROSPECT AVE STE 201
HACKENSACK, NJ 7601
Categories: HACKENSACK NJ

200 US HIGHWAY 46 18.4 miles

200 US HIGHWAY 46
PARSIPPANY, NJ 7054
Categories: PARSIPPANY NJ

1355 BROAD ST 18.5 miles

1355 BROAD ST
CLIFTON, NJ 7013
Categories: CLIFTON NJ

881 Allwood Rd, Suite 103 18.5 miles

881 Allwood Rd, Suite 103
Clifton, NJ 7012
Categories: Clifton NJ

360 ESSEX ST STE 203 18.6 miles

360 ESSEX ST STE 203
HACKENSACK, NJ 7601
Categories: HACKENSACK NJ

11 BOULDER HILLS BLVD 18.6 miles

11 BOULDER HILLS BLVD
WANTAGE, NJ 7461
Categories: WANTAGE NJ

190 BALDWIN RD 18.8 miles

190 BALDWIN RD
PARSIPPANY, NJ 7054
Categories: PARSIPPANY NJ

50 Cherry Hill Rd, Ste 103 19.4 miles

50 Cherry Hill Rd, Ste 103
Parsippany, NJ 7054
Categories: Parsippany NJ

3 COATES DRIVE 19.7 miles

3 COATES DRIVE
GOSHEN, NY 10924
Categories: GOSHEN NY

140 FRANKLIN RD 19.8 miles

140 FRANKLIN RD
TEANECK, NJ 7666
Categories: TEANECK NJ

179 Cedar Lane, Suite E 19.8 miles

179 Cedar Lane, Suite E
Teaneck, NJ 7666
Categories: Teaneck NJ

ON-SITE FOR POH ONLY 20.0 miles

ON-SITE FOR POH ONLY
WOOD RIDGE, NJ 7075
Categories: WOOD RIDGE NJ

150 NORTH ST 20.0 miles

150 NORTH ST
TETERBORO, NJ 7608
Categories: TETERBORO NJ

148 PARSIPPANY RD STE 2 20.0 miles

148 PARSIPPANY RD STE 2
PARSIPPANY, NJ 7054
Categories: PARSIPPANY NJ

276 E Main St, 20.0 miles

276 E Main St,
Denville, NJ 7834
Categories: Denville NJ

30 Hatfield Lane, 20.0 miles

30 Hatfield Lane,
Goshen, NY 10924
Categories: Goshen NY

718 TEANECK RD 20.2 miles

718 TEANECK RD
TEANECK, NJ 7666
Categories: TEANECK NJ

3175 STATE ROUTE 10 Ste 500 20.2 miles

3175 STATE ROUTE 10 Ste 500
DENVILLE, NJ 7834
Categories: DENVILLE NJ

200 South Broadway, Suite 102 20.2 miles

200 South Broadway, Suite 102
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Categories: Tarrytown NY

1 HATFIELD LN STE B 20.3 miles

1 HATFIELD LN STE B
GOSHEN, NY 10924
Categories: GOSHEN NY

614 FRANKLIN AVE STE 101 20.5 miles

614 FRANKLIN AVE STE 101
NUTLEY, NJ 7110
Categories: NUTLEY NJ

155 WHITE PLAINS RD 20.7 miles

155 WHITE PLAINS RD
TARRYTOWN, NY 10591
Categories: TARRYTOWN NY

49 Claremont Avenue, 20.8 miles

49 Claremont Avenue,
Montclair, NJ 7042
Categories: Montclair NJ

71 UNION AVE STE 103 20.9 miles

71 UNION AVE STE 103
RUTHERFORD, NJ 7070
Categories: RUTHERFORD NJ

557 BROAD ST 20.9 miles

557 BROAD ST
BLOOMFIELD, NJ 7003
Categories: BLOOMFIELD NJ

1 GREENWOOD AVE STE 102 20.9 miles

1 GREENWOOD AVE STE 102
MONTCLAIR, NJ 7042
Categories: MONTCLAIR NJ

891 TABOR RD 21.0 miles

891 TABOR RD
MORRIS PLAINS, NJ 7950
Categories: MORRIS PLAINS NJ

600 MOUNT PLEASANT AVE 21.1 miles

600 MOUNT PLEASANT AVE
DOVER, NJ 7801
Categories: DOVER NJ

17 Sylvan St, 21.1 miles

17 Sylvan St,
Rutherford, NJ 7070
Categories: Rutherford NJ

25 Rockwood Pl, Ste 1 21.2 miles

25 Rockwood Pl, Ste 1
Englewood, NJ 7631
Categories: Englewood NJ

1034 N BROADWAY 21.3 miles

1034 N BROADWAY
YONKERS, NY 10701
Categories: YONKERS NY

970 N Broadway, Ste 205 21.4 miles

970 N Broadway, Ste 205
Yonkers, NY 10701
Categories: Yonkers NY

464 EAGLE ROCK AVE STE C 21.4 miles

464 EAGLE ROCK AVE STE C
WEST ORANGE, NJ 7052
Categories: WEST ORANGE NJ

1 ORCHARD ST 21.5 miles

1 ORCHARD ST
RIDGEFIELD PARK, NJ 7660
Categories: RIDGEFIELD PARK NJ

660 White Plains Rd Ste 630 21.5 miles

660 White Plains Rd Ste 630
Tarrytown, NY 10591
Categories: Tarrytown NY

560 NEW YORK AVE 21.9 miles

560 NEW YORK AVE
LYNDHURST, NJ 7071
Categories: LYNDHURST NJ

464 VALLEY BROOK AVE 21.9 miles

464 VALLEY BROOK AVE
LYNDHURST, NJ 7071
Categories: LYNDHURST NJ

800 SYLVAN AVE 21.9 miles

800 SYLVAN AVE
ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS, NJ 7632
Categories: ENGLEWOOD CLIFFS NJ

1980 CROMPOND RD 22.1 miles

1980 CROMPOND RD
CORTLANDT MANOR, NY 10567
Categories: CORTLANDT MANOR NY

456 PROSPECT AVE 22.1 miles

456 PROSPECT AVE
WEST ORANGE, NJ 7052
Categories: WEST ORANGE NJ

178 FLOYD ST 22.1 miles

178 FLOYD ST
BELLEVILLE, NJ 7109
Categories: BELLEVILLE NJ

325 STATE ROUTE 10 22.2 miles

325 STATE ROUTE 10
EAST HANOVER, NJ 7936
Categories: EAST HANOVER NJ

98 N MARYLAND AVE 22.2 miles

98 N MARYLAND AVE
LAKE HOPATCONG, NJ 7849
Categories: LAKE HOPATCONG NJ

2 Stowe Rd, 5th Floor - Suite 15 22.3 miles

2 Stowe Rd, 5th Floor - Suite 15
Peekskill, NY 10566
Categories: Peekskill NY

464 Hudson Terrace, 22.4 miles

464 Hudson Terrace,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ 7632
Categories: Englewood Cliffs NJ

1 Clara Maass Drive Cont Care Bldg 1st FL 22.4 miles

1 Clara Maass Drive Cont Care Bldg 1st FL
Belleville, NJ 7109
Categories: Belleville NJ

160 N CENTRAL AVE 22.7 miles

160 N CENTRAL AVE
ELMSFORD, NY 10523
Categories: ELMSFORD NY

280 Dobbs Ferry Rd, Sprain Brook Medical Center 23.0 miles

280 Dobbs Ferry Rd, Sprain Brook Medical Center
White Plains, NY 10607
Categories: White Plains NY

130 SPEEDWELL AVE 23.3 miles

130 SPEEDWELL AVE
MORRIS PLAINS, NJ 7950
Categories: MORRIS PLAINS NJ

297 KNOLLWOOD RD, STE 310 23.4 miles

297 KNOLLWOOD RD, STE 310
WHITE PLAINS, NY 10607
Categories: WHITE PLAINS NY

3765 Riverdale Ave, STE 6 23.5 miles

3765 Riverdale Ave, STE 6
Bronx, NY 10463
Categories: Bronx NY

594 EAST MAIN STREET 23.8 miles

594 EAST MAIN STREET
MIDDLETOWN, NY 10940
Categories: MIDDLETOWN NY

400 STATE ROUTE 10 23.8 miles

400 STATE ROUTE 10
RANDOLPH, NJ 7869
Categories: RANDOLPH NJ

75 CRYSTAL RUN RD STE G40 23.8 miles

75 CRYSTAL RUN RD STE G40
MIDDLETOWN, NY 10941
Categories: MIDDLETOWN NY

349 E Northfield Rd, Ste 203 23.8 miles

349 E Northfield Rd, Ste 203
Livingston, NJ 7039
Categories: Livingston NJ

174 Marble Ave, Ste 1 23.9 miles

174 Marble Ave, Ste 1
Pleasantville, NY 10570
Categories: Pleasantville NY

4876 BROADWAY 23.9 miles

4876 BROADWAY
NEW YORK, NY 10034
Categories: NEW YORK NY

155 CRYSTAL RUN RD 24.1 miles

155 CRYSTAL RUN RD
MIDDLETOWN, NY 10941
Categories: MIDDLETOWN NY

477 Route 10 East, Suite 203 24.2 miles

477 Route 10 East, Suite 203
Randolph, NJ 7869
Categories: Randolph NJ

663 PALISADE AVE 24.2 miles

663 PALISADE AVE
CLIFFSIDE PARK, NJ 7010
Categories: CLIFFSIDE PARK NJ

100 WOODS RD STE CG12 CEDARWOOD HALL 24.2 miles

100 WOODS RD STE CG12 CEDARWOOD HALL
VALHALLA, NY 10595
Categories: VALHALLA NY

367 E MAIN ST APT 3 24.3 miles

367 E MAIN ST APT 3
MIDDLETOWN, NY 10940
Categories: MIDDLETOWN NY

101 Old Short Hills Road Suite 415 24.3 miles

101 Old Short Hills Road Suite 415
West Orange, NJ 7052
Categories: West Orange NJ

280 N CENTRAL AVE STE 115 24.4 miles

280 N CENTRAL AVE STE 115
HARTSDALE, NY 10530
Categories: HARTSDALE NY

359 N Central Ave 24.4 miles

359 N Central Ave
Hartsdale, NY 10530
Categories: Hartsdale NY

2 CITY HALL PLZ STE 302 24.4 miles

2 CITY HALL PLZ STE 302
RAHWAY, NJ 7065
Categories: RAHWAY NJ

210 MEADOWLANDS PKWY 24.5 miles

210 MEADOWLANDS PKWY
SECAUCUS, NJ 7094
Categories: SECAUCUS NJ

210 E MAIN ST 24.6 miles

210 E MAIN ST
MIDDLETOWN, NY 10940
Categories: MIDDLETOWN NY

109 AUDUBON AVE 24.7 miles

109 AUDUBON AVE
NEW YORK, NY 10032
Categories: NEW YORK NY

111 MALTESE DR 24.8 miles

111 MALTESE DR
MIDDLETOWN, NY 10940
Categories: MIDDLETOWN NY

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Local Area Info: Ringwood, New Jersey

Ringwood is a borough in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 12,228, reflecting a decrease of 168 (-1.4%) from the 12,396 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 227 (-1.8%) from the 12,623 counted in the 1990 Census.

The Borough of Ringwood was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 23, 1918, from a "portion of the Township of Pompton", as one of three boroughs formed from Pompton Township, joining Bloomingdale and Wanaque, based on the results of a referendum held on March 22, 1918. The first organizational meeting of the Borough Council took place in the existing Borough Hall on May 6, 1918. The borough was named for an iron mining company in the area.

The Lenape, an Algonquian language-speaking tribe of Native Americans who occupied much of the mid-Atlantic coastal areas and the interior mountains including along the Delaware River resided in the area of present-day Ringwood when Europeans first entered the area. Some retreated to the mountains to escape colonial encroachment.

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