Sausalito, CA Drug Testing

Sausalito, CA Facts, Population, Income, Demographics, Economy

Cost of Living: March 2019 cost of living index in Sausalito: 176.5 (very high, U.S. average is 100)

Poverty (overall): Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2017: 5.7%

Poverty (breakdown): (5.8% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 14.1% for Black residents, 4.4% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 9.0% for other race residents)

Sex Offenders: According to our research of California and other state lists, there were 4 registered sex offenders living in Sausalito, California as of January 15, 2021. The ratio of all residents to sex offenders in Sausalito is 1,788 to 1.The ratio of registered sex offenders to all residents in this city is

Population Density:

Median Incomes:
      Estimated median household income in 2017: $120,090 (it was $87,469 in 2000)
      Estimated per capita income in 2017: $107,143 (it was $81,040 in 2000)
      Estimated median house or condo value in 2017: over $1,000,000 (it was $660,500 in 2000) Sausalito:over $1,000,000CA:$509,400

Sausalito was once the site of a Coast Miwok settlement known as Liwanelowa. The branch of the Coast Miwok living in this area were known as the Huimen (or as Nación de Uimen to the Spanish). Early explorers of the area described them as friendly and hospitable. According to Juan de Ayala, "To all these advantages must be added the best of all, which is that the heathen Indians of the port are so faithful in their friendship and so docile in their disposition that I was greatly pleased to receive them on board." Such placidity was likely a contributing factor to their complete displacement, which took place within the span of a few generations. As historian Jack Tracy has observed, "Their dwellings on the site of Sausalito were explored and mapped in 1907, nearly a century and a half later, by an archaeological survey. By that time, nothing was left of the culture of those who had first enjoyed the natural treasures of the bay. The life of the Coastal Miwoks had been reduced to archaeological remnants, as though thousands of years had passed since their existence."

Goldribbon

Recognitions and Certifications

Accredited Drug Testing has been recognized as one of the "Top 10 drug testing companies" for excellent customer service and we have received TPA Accreditation from the National Drug and Alcohol Screening Association. We are active in all drug testing industry associations and our staff are trained and certified as drug and alcohol testing specialists.

Important Links

National Drug and Alcohol Screening Association (https://ndasa.com/)

National Drug Free Workplace Alliance (https://www.ndwa.org/)

Substance Abuse Program Administrators Association (https://www.sapaa.com/)

Substance Abuse Mental Health Safety Administration (https://www.samhsa.gov/)

US Drug Enforcement Administration (https://www.dea.gov/)

Office of Drug alcohol Policy Control (https://www.transportation.gov/odapc)

California Drug And Alcohol Testing1

Sausalito, California Drug and Alcohol Testing Centers

If you are an employer or individual in need of a Drug or Alcohol Test in Sausalito, CA or the surrounding areas, Accredited Drug Testing has multiple drug and alcohol testing locations within minutes of your home or office. Our local Sausalito, CA drug testing centers offer urine drug testing, hair drug testing, alcohol testing, DOT physicals, DOT drug testing and DNA testing. Our drug and alcohol testing services are provided for companies in need of a pre-employment drug test, random drug test and post-accident drug test. We also provide testing for individuals needing a drug or alcohol test for court ordered reasons, probation or family purposes. Same day service is available and the process to schedule a test is fast and easy. Drug testing methods include urine, oral/saliva, hair follicle, blood, ETG and breath alcohol testing. Negative test results are generally available in 24-48 hours and all tests are analyzed by a SAMHSA Certified Laboratory and verified by our Medical Review Officers (MRO's). Rapid/instant result testing is also available at many of our Sausalito, CA testing centers. We also offer onsite mobile drug testing for employers needing to test multiple employees at one time.

"When You Need A Test, Choose The Best"

Sausalito Drug Testing locations

101 CASA BUENA DR 4.9 miles

101 CASA BUENA DR
CORTE MADERA, CA 94925
Categories: CORTE MADERA CA

2300 SUTTER ST STE 102 5.7 miles

2300 SUTTER ST STE 102
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94115
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

2201 Post St, 5.8 miles

2201 Post St,
San Francisco, CA 94115
Categories: San Francisco CA

2 FIFER AVE STE 130 5.8 miles

2 FIFER AVE STE 130
CORTE MADERA, CA 94925
Categories: CORTE MADERA CA

845 JACKSON ST 6.0 miles

845 JACKSON ST
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94133
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

900 HYDE ST 6.1 miles

900 HYDE ST
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94109
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

601 VAN NESS AVE Ste 2008 6.5 miles

601 VAN NESS AVE Ste 2008
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

1220 S ELISEO DR 6.5 miles

1220 S ELISEO DR
GREENBRAE, CA 94904
Categories: GREENBRAE CA

1321 S ELISEO DR 1ST FL 6.5 miles

1321 S ELISEO DR 1ST FL
GREENBRAE, CA 94904
Categories: GREENBRAE CA

1300 South Eliseo Drive, Suite 101 6.5 miles

1300 South Eliseo Drive, Suite 101
Greenbrae, CA 94904
Categories: Greenbrae CA

250 BON AIR RD 6.6 miles

250 BON AIR RD
GREENBRAE, CA 94904
Categories: GREENBRAE CA

49 DRUMM ST 6.6 miles

49 DRUMM ST
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

26 CALIFORNIA ST 6.6 miles

26 CALIFORNIA ST
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

580 MARKET ST STE 100 6.6 miles

580 MARKET ST STE 100
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94104
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

505 PARNASSUS AVE Ste 896 6.8 miles

505 PARNASSUS AVE Ste 896
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

25 BELLAM BLVD STE 101 7.0 miles

25 BELLAM BLVD STE 101
SAN RAFAEL, CA 94901
Categories: SAN RAFAEL CA

Castro & Duboce St, South Tower Ste 160A 7.0 miles

Castro & Duboce St, South Tower Ste 160A
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94114
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

2198 15th St, 7.0 miles

2198 15th St,
San Francisco, CA 94114
Categories: San Francisco CA

24 WILLIE MAYS PLZ 7.6 miles

24 WILLIE MAYS PLZ
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

1125 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE BLVD STE N 7.8 miles

1125 SIR FRANCIS DRAKE BLVD STE N
KENTFIELD, CA 94904
Categories: KENTFIELD CA

2 CONNECTICUT ST STE 1 8.0 miles

2 CONNECTICUT ST STE 1
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

3555 CESAR CHAVEZ 8.4 miles

3555 CESAR CHAVEZ
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94110
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

901 NEVIN AVE BLDG B FLOOR 1 8.7 miles

901 NEVIN AVE BLDG B FLOOR 1
RICHMOND, CA 94801
Categories: RICHMOND CA

120 BROADWAY STE 23 9.1 miles

120 BROADWAY STE 23
RICHMOND, CA 94804
Categories: RICHMOND CA

3726 BARRETT AVE 9.8 miles

3726 BARRETT AVE
RICHMOND, CA 94805
Categories: RICHMOND CA

2000 VALE RD 10.3 miles

2000 VALE RD
SAN PABLO, CA 94806
Categories: SAN PABLO CA

2505 BATAAN ST STE O 10.3 miles

2505 BATAAN ST STE O
OAKLAND, CA 94607
Categories: OAKLAND CA

2850 7TH ST STE 100 10.5 miles

2850 7TH ST STE 100
BERKELEY, CA 94710
Categories: BERKELEY CA

6001 SHELLMOUND ST STE 850 10.5 miles

6001 SHELLMOUND ST STE 850
EMERYVILLE, CA 94608
Categories: EMERYVILLE CA

On-site only 10.6 miles

On-site only
San Francisco, CA 94124
Categories: San Francisco CA

2425 CHURCH LN 10.6 miles

2425 CHURCH LN
SAN PABLO, CA 94806
Categories: SAN PABLO CA

SFIA Terminal 2 10.6 miles

SFIA Terminal 2
San Francisco, CA 94125
Categories: San Francisco CA

2970 HILLTOP MALL RD STE 203 11.8 miles

2970 HILLTOP MALL RD STE 203
RICHMOND, CA 94806
Categories: RICHMOND CA

99 MONTECILLO RD MOB 1 11.9 miles

99 MONTECILLO RD MOB 1
SAN RAFAEL, CA 94903
Categories: SAN RAFAEL CA

1900 SULLIVAN AVE 12.2 miles

1900 SULLIVAN AVE
DALY CITY, CA 94015
Categories: DALY CITY CA

384 EMBARCADERO W 12.3 miles

384 EMBARCADERO W
OAKLAND, CA 94607
Categories: OAKLAND CA

1700 BROADWAY STE 310 12.3 miles

1700 BROADWAY STE 310
OAKLAND, CA 94612
Categories: OAKLAND CA

2450 ASHBY AVE 12.4 miles

2450 ASHBY AVE
BERKELEY, CA 94705
Categories: BERKELEY CA

350 HAWTHORNE AVE 12.4 miles

350 HAWTHORNE AVE
OAKLAND, CA 94609
Categories: OAKLAND CA

3300 WEBSTER ST, STE 1110 12.5 miles

3300 WEBSTER ST, STE 1110
OAKLAND, CA 94609
Categories: OAKLAND CA

3701 BROADWAY FL 5 12.6 miles

3701 BROADWAY FL 5
OAKLAND, CA 94611
Categories: OAKLAND CA

4069 PIEDMONT AVE STE 910 12.9 miles

4069 PIEDMONT AVE STE 910
OAKLAND, CA 94611
Categories: OAKLAND CA

1517 GRAND AVE 13.4 miles

1517 GRAND AVE
PIEDMONT, CA 94611
Categories: PIEDMONT CA

2111 Whitehall Place, Suite D 14.4 miles

2111 Whitehall Place, Suite D
Alameda, CA 94501
Categories: Alameda CA

International Terminal Level 3 A Side 14.5 miles

International Terminal Level 3 A Side
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94128
Categories: SAN FRANCISCO CA

4749 SURREY LN 14.6 miles

4749 SURREY LN
EL SOBRANTE, CA 94803
Categories: EL SOBRANTE CA

2421 ENCINAL AVE STE A 14.8 miles

2421 ENCINAL AVE STE A
ALAMEDA, CA 94501
Categories: ALAMEDA CA

3 S LINDEN AVE 14.9 miles

3 S LINDEN AVE
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94080
Categories: SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO CA

500 Alfred Nobel Drive, Suite 115 15.9 miles

500 Alfred Nobel Drive, Suite 115
Hercules, CA 94547
Categories: Hercules CA

801 TRAEGER AVE Ste 212 16.3 miles

801 TRAEGER AVE Ste 212
SAN BRUNO, CA 94066
Categories: SAN BRUNO CA

520 6TH ST 16.7 miles

520 6TH ST
RODEO, CA 94572
Categories: RODEO CA

180 ROWLAND WAY 17.0 miles

180 ROWLAND WAY
NOVATO, CA 94945
Categories: NOVATO CA

401 ROLAND WAY STE 205 17.3 miles

401 ROLAND WAY STE 205
OAKLAND, CA 94621
Categories: OAKLAND CA

7817 OAKPORT ST 17.5 miles

7817 OAKPORT ST
OAKLAND, CA 94621
Categories: OAKLAND CA

7901 OAKPORT ST STE 4950 2ND FLOOR 17.6 miles

7901 OAKPORT ST STE 4950 2ND FLOOR
OAKLAND, CA 94621
Categories: OAKLAND CA

1663 ROLLINS RD 18.8 miles

1663 ROLLINS RD
BURLINGAME, CA 94010
Categories: BURLINGAME CA

1501 TROUSDALE DR 19.1 miles

1501 TROUSDALE DR
BURLINGAME, CA 94010
Categories: BURLINGAME CA

1555 DOOLITTLE DR STE 180 19.3 miles

1555 DOOLITTLE DR STE 180
SAN LEANDRO, CA 94577
Categories: SAN LEANDRO CA

1860 EL CAMINO REAL STE 400 19.4 miles

1860 EL CAMINO REAL STE 400
BURLINGAME, CA 94010
Categories: BURLINGAME CA

2587 MERCED ST 20.4 miles

2587 MERCED ST
SAN LEANDRO, CA 94577
Categories: SAN LEANDRO CA

243 GEORGIA ST STE B 20.8 miles

243 GEORGIA ST STE B
VALLEJO, CA 94590
Categories: VALLEJO CA

17 Tennessee St 21.1 miles

17 Tennessee St
Vallejo, CA 94590
Categories: Vallejo CA

200 MUIR RD Hacienda Bldg, 1st Floor 21.2 miles

200 MUIR RD Hacienda Bldg, 1st Floor
MARTINEZ, CA 94553
Categories: MARTINEZ CA

13939 E 14TH ST 21.3 miles

13939 E 14TH ST
SAN LEANDRO, CA 94578
Categories: SAN LEANDRO CA

60 N EL CAMINO REAL 21.6 miles

60 N EL CAMINO REAL
SAN MATEO, CA 94401
Categories: SAN MATEO CA

3237 ALHAMBRA AVE STE 2 21.6 miles

3237 ALHAMBRA AVE STE 2
MARTINEZ, CA 94553
Categories: MARTINEZ CA

2042 Columbus Pkwy, 22.1 miles

2042 Columbus Pkwy,
Benicia, CA 94510
Categories: Benicia CA

827 ARNOLD DR STE 70 22.3 miles

827 ARNOLD DR STE 70
MARTINEZ, CA 94553
Categories: MARTINEZ CA

1100 ROSE DR ste 140 22.3 miles

1100 ROSE DR ste 140
BENICIA, CA 94510
Categories: BENICIA CA

975 SERENO DR 22.7 miles

975 SERENO DR
VALLEJO, CA 94589
Categories: VALLEJO CA

609 GREGORY LN STE 100 22.9 miles

609 GREGORY LN STE 100
PLEASANT HILL, CA 94523
Categories: PLEASANT HILL CA

1805 ARNOLD DR 23.0 miles

1805 ARNOLD DR
MARTINEZ, CA 94553
Categories: MARTINEZ CA

300 HOSPITAL DR 23.1 miles

300 HOSPITAL DR
VALLEJO, CA 94589
Categories: VALLEJO CA

401 Gregory Ln, Ste 146 23.3 miles

401 Gregory Ln, Ste 146
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Categories: Pleasant Hill CA

1981 N BROADWAY Ste 190 23.3 miles

1981 N BROADWAY Ste 190
WALNUT CREEK, CA 94596
Categories: WALNUT CREEK CA

1425 S MAIN ST 23.4 miles

1425 S MAIN ST
WALNUT CREEK, CA 94596
Categories: WALNUT CREEK CA

108 LA CASA VIA, STE 105 24.3 miles

108 LA CASA VIA, STE 105
WALNUT CREEK, CA 94598
Categories: WALNUT CREEK CA

1098 FOSTER CITY BLVD, STE 102 24.5 miles

1098 FOSTER CITY BLVD, STE 102
FOSTER CITY, CA 94404
Categories: FOSTER CITY CA

20400 Lake Chabot Rd Ste 101, 24.5 miles

20400 Lake Chabot Rd Ste 101,
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Categories: Castro Valley CA

2280 DIAMOND BLVD STE 520 24.5 miles

2280 DIAMOND BLVD STE 520
CONCORD, CA 94520
Categories: CONCORD CA

222 W 39TH AVE 24.9 miles

222 W 39TH AVE
SAN MATEO, CA 94403
Categories: SAN MATEO CA

538 STONE RD STE G 24.9 miles

538 STONE RD STE G
BENICIA, CA 94510
Categories: BENICIA CA

For additional testing center locations, please call (800) 221-4291

With our talented team of drug testing specialists, you can always count on receiving a professional and knowledgeable experience delivered each time with the utmost respect for confidentiality.

Every day we work closely with companies of all sizes and all industries, as well as with third party administrators and individuals in need of an Sausalito drug test. Our comprehensive portfolio of Sausalito drug testing and Sausalito alcohol screening services is designed to always meet your testing needs.

Services provided at our Sausalito drug testing, alcohol testing and DNA testing are designed to be your "One Stop Shopping" for all of your Sausalito drug testing needs.

Sausalito Drug Testing Services

Our Sausalito, CA drug testing centers provide a wide variety of standard drug and alcohol tests, as well as customized drug screening to meet a specific need. Our standard drug test is a 5 panel, 9 panel, 10 panel, 11 panel and 12 panel drug screen which can also be expanded to look for additional opiates, prescription drugs, K2, spice and bath salts.

If you are not sure of what specific Sausalito, CA drug test you need, please speak with one of our trained professionals to review some of the many options available to you at our Sausalito Accredited Drug Testing centers. Sausalito testing centers are located throughout Sausalito, CA and the surrounding areas and our ADT staff members are committed to providing affordable, convenient and confidential drug, alcohol and DNA testing services.

About Sausalito

Local Area Info: Sausalito, California

Sausalito's population was 7,061 as of the 2010 census. The community is situated near the northern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, and prior to the building of that bridge served as a terminus for rail, car, and ferry traffic.

Sausalito developed rapidly as a shipbuilding center in World War II, with its industrial character giving way in postwar years to a reputation as a wealthy and artistic enclave, a picturesque residential community (incorporating large numbers of houseboats), and a tourist destination. The city is adjacent to, and largely bounded by, the protected spaces of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area.

The name of Sausalito comes from the Spanish sauzalito, meaning "small willow grove", from sauce "willow" + collective derivative -al meaning "place of abundance" + diminutive suffix -ito; with orthographic corruption from z to s due to seseo. Early variants of the name were Saucelito, San Salita, San Saulito, San Salito, Sancolito, Sancilito, Sousolito, Sousalita, Sousilito, Sausilito, and Sauz Saulita.

Sausalito Employee Drug Testing

Businesses that utilize an employee drug testing program are commonly referred to as a Drug Free Workplace. However, many times companies do not fully qualify as a Drug Free Workplace because the drug testing program which they use does not have all of the components which make up a true Drug Free Workplace.

The benefits of being a true Drug Free Workplace can include but are not limited to:

  • Enhanced Employee Performance
  • Reduced Job-Related Accidents
  • Reduced Employee Absenteeism
  • Lower Workers Compensation Rates
  • Improved Employee Moral
  • Customer Satisfaction

In addition, many companies regardless of size report that being a Drug Free Workplace has increased the quality of job applicants and improved the overall workplace environment.

Also many states such as Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, Wyoming, Ohio, Alabama, Arkansas, Washington provide by law a discount on workers compensation insurance rates provided a business qualifies as a Drug Free Workplace in accordance with state law.

States Which Provide Workers Compensation Discounts for Drug Free Workplace Programs

Locations Testing
Alabama 5% Arkansas 5% Florida 5%
Kentucky 5% Misissippi 5% Ohio 5%
Tennessee 5% Virginia 5% Washington 5%

Accredited Drug Testing Inc will work with your insurance agent to ensure that any available discounts are provided for implementing and properly maintaining a drug free workplace.

Any company can benefit by being a Drug Free Workplace regardless of the number of employees, but it is crucially important that any business that wishes to be a Drug Free Workplace maintain the program properly.

A properly maintained Drug Free Workplace should include the following:

  • A written Drug Free Workplace Policy
  • Employee Drug Testing
  • Employee Education
  • Supervisor Training
  • Employee Assistance Program(EAP)
  • Drug Free Workplace Signage

Studies have shown that substance abuse among employees has serious repercussions for both the working environment and the economic success of the business.

As a result of drug and alcohol abuse, employers see increased costs related to medical fees, absenteeism and overall productivity.

Sausalito companies regardless of size wishing to implement a Drug Free Workplace can contact Accredited Drug Testing and ADT can schedule all drug tests and manage the entire Drug Free Workplace program for our clients. Simply speak with an ADT drug testing representative and tell them you are interested in our Sausalito drug testing services and programs.

When it comes to employee drug testing, we recognize the importance of convenience and confidentiality. For that reason, we offer online scheduling and delivery of test results, which allow employers to utilize our services from the convenience of their office.

In addition, we also provide Mobile Drug Testing that brings our Sausalito drug testing services right to your place of business. These on-site services are able to ensure maximum employee participation as well as minimum disruption to the work day. (Additional fees may apply).

Sausalito Alcohol Testing

In addition to offering Sausalito drug testing in , ADT also offers urine, saliva, breath and ETG alcohol testing for DOT and NON-DOT requirements.

Sausalito DOT Drug & Alcohol Testing

As a National drug and alcohol testing company, the staff of Accredited Drug Testing Inc is certified and qualified in DOT drug and alcohol testing collections and our in-house staff are fully knowledgeable of DOT 49 CFR Part 40. All DOT tests include test collections by a qualified ADT technician, SAMHSA certified laboratory analysis and verification by a qualified Medical Review Officer.

Accredited Drug Testing provides DOT required 5 panel urine tests, breath alcohol tests, consortium/random pool membership and all Federal Chain of Custody documents. If you need a DOT drug or alcohol test, simply call the ADT office and speak with one of our DOT drug testing specialists.

DOT Drug Testing Sausalito

To review DOT 49 CFR Part 40 Drug and Alcohol Regulations Click Here

ADT can schedule and manage all of your DOT and NON-DOT drug testing needs Nationwide, anywhere and at anytime.

Additional Services-Background Checks and Physicals

In addition, to Sausalito drug testing, Sausalito alcohol testing and Sausalito DNA testing, Accredited Drug Testing Inc also provides background checks for employers conducting employee screenings.

Accredited Drug Testing also provides Department of Transportation (DOT) physicals for CDL truck drivers(49 CFR, Part 40) or companies in need of Return To Duty or Job Fitness exams.

"One Stop Shopping" for all of your Sausalito, CA Drug Testing Needs

If you are a HR/Office manager needing employee drug testing, a school, government agency or simply an individual in need of a drug or alcohol test, Accredited Drug Testing Inc provides drug testing for pre-employment, random, reasonable suspicion, return to duty, post accident, court ordered or any other drug testing need, Call Accredited Drug Testing today (800)221-4291

Show Regional Data

Cost of Living: March 2019 cost of living index in Sausalito: 176.5 (very high, U.S. average is 100)

Poverty (overall): Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2017: 5.7%

Poverty (breakdown): (5.8% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 14.1% for Black residents, 4.4% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 9.0% for other race residents)

Sex Offenders: According to our research of California and other state lists, there were 4 registered sex offenders living in Sausalito, California as of January 15, 2021. The ratio of all residents to sex offenders in Sausalito is 1,788 to 1.The ratio of registered sex offenders to all residents in this city is

Population Density:

Median Incomes:
      Estimated median household income in 2017: $120,090 (it was $87,469 in 2000)
      Estimated per capita income in 2017: $107,143 (it was $81,040 in 2000)
      Estimated median house or condo value in 2017: over $1,000,000 (it was $660,500 in 2000) Sausalito:over $1,000,000CA:$509,400

Sausalito was once the site of a Coast Miwok settlement known as Liwanelowa. The branch of the Coast Miwok living in this area were known as the Huimen (or as Nación de Uimen to the Spanish). Early explorers of the area described them as friendly and hospitable. According to Juan de Ayala, "To all these advantages must be added the best of all, which is that the heathen Indians of the port are so faithful in their friendship and so docile in their disposition that I was greatly pleased to receive them on board." Such placidity was likely a contributing factor to their complete displacement, which took place within the span of a few generations. As historian Jack Tracy has observed, "Their dwellings on the site of Sausalito were explored and mapped in 1907, nearly a century and a half later, by an archaeological survey. By that time, nothing was left of the culture of those who had first enjoyed the natural treasures of the bay. The life of the Coastal Miwoks had been reduced to archaeological remnants, as though thousands of years had passed since their existence."