DOT Drug Testing Phoenix, AZ
Our Local DOT Drug testing facilities in Phoenix, AZ and the surrounding areas provide DOT Drug Testing, DOT Alcohol Testing, DOT Physicals, Consortium enrollment and other DOT services for Employers, Single operators and all DOT modes who are required to comply with 49 CFR Part 40 in Phoenix, AZ including FMCSA, FTA, FAA, USCG, FRA and PHMSA . Testing centers are within minutes of your home or office and same day service is available in most cases.
515 W BUCKEYE RD STE 202 0.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85003
1201 S 7TH AVE 1.0 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85007
1300 N 12TH ST STE 617 1.4 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85006
1300 N 12TH ST STE 520 1.4 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85006
1441 N 12TH ST BLDG 405 1.5 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85006
1800 E VAN BUREN ST 1.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85006
515 N 18TH ST 1.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85006
1818 E SKY HARBOR CIR N STE 150 1.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85034
1818 E SKY HARBOR CIR N BLDG 2 STE 150 1.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85034
2601 N 3RD ST STE 102 2.0 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85004
PO BOX 18232 2.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85005
1701 E THOMAS RD STE 104 2.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85016
3302 W THOMAS RD STE 10 3.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85017
4635 N 14TH ST 4.1 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85014
3532 W THOMAS RD ste 5 4.2 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85019
3501 W OSBORN RD 4.5 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85019
5201 N 19TH AVE STE 100 4.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85015
3930 E WATKINS ST STE 300 4.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85034
5501 N 19TH AVE STE 208 4.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85015
2301 N 44TH ST 5.3 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85008
4100 E BROADWAY RD 5.5 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85040
4501 E THOMAS RD STE 105 5.6 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85018
5340 W BUCKEYE RD STE 3 5.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85043
5064 E MCDOWELL RD 6.0 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85008
7802 N 43RD AVE STE 5 6.2 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85301
1724 W 4TH ST 6.3 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85281
4730 E Indian School Rd Ste 211 6.3 miles
Phoenix, AZ 85018
3500 E SKY HARBOR BLVD 6.4 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85034
5259 W INDIAN SCHOOL RD STE 100 6.5 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85031
5920 W MCDOWELL RD 6.6 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85035
7227 N 16TH ST STE 235 6.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85020
7227 N 16TH ST STE 150 6.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85020
1626 S PRIEST DR STE 100 7.0 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85281
7720 N 16TH ST STE 200 7.2 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85020
2720 W BASELINE RD Ste 140 7.3 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85283
2727 W BASELINE RD STE 18 7.4 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85283
8101 N 19th Ave Ste A 7.5 miles
Phoenix, AZ 85021
2338 W ROYAL PALM RD STE J 7.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85021
950 W SOUTHERN AVE 8.0 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85282
1500 S MILL AVE 8.1 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85281
1522 N CAVE CREEK RD 8.3 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85020
9250 N. 3RD ST. #3017 8.4 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85020
2423 W DUNLAP AVE STE 150 8.5 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85021
6834 S 65TH DR 8.5 miles
LAVEEN, AZ 85339
914 N Scottsdale Rd Ste 104 8.5 miles
Tempe, AZ 85281
2010 N 75TH AVE 8.6 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85035
3244 S MILL AVE STE 103 8.6 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85282
940 E UNIVERSITY DR STE 105 8.8 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85281
7400 E OSBORN RD 9.1 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85251
3271 N CIVIC CENTER PLZ STE 9 9.2 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85251
1804 W ELLIOT RD 9.2 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85284
2860 W PEORIA AVE STE B 9.6 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85029
7730 E MCDOWELL RD STE 101 9.7 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85257
8260 W INDIAN SCHOOL RD STE 1 9.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85033
10240 North 43rd Avenue Ste 3 9.9 miles
Glendale, AZ 85302
2330 S MCCLINTOCK DR 10.0 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85282
4910 E RAY RD STE 9 10.4 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85044
1950 E SOUTHERN AVE, STE 101 10.7 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85282
12808 N BLACK CANYON HWY 10.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85029
4902 E SHEA BLVD 10.9 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85254
15810 S 45TH ST Ste 110 11.1 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85048
9305 W THOMAS RD STE 235 11.1 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85037
2435 E SOUTHERN AVE STE 5 11.5 miles
TEMPE, AZ 85282
16611 S 40TH ST ste 120 11.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85048
16515 S 40TH ST STE 113 11.7 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85048
4959 W RAY RD STE 33 11.7 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85226
3131 E THUNDERBIRD RD STE A 11.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85032
2225 W SOUTHERN AVE 11.9 miles
MESA, AZ 85202
9870 W LOWER BUCKEYE RD STE 170 AND 173 11.9 miles
TOLLESON, AZ 85353
6990 E SHEA BLVD STE 125 12.3 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85254
1710 W SOUTHERN AVE 12.5 miles
MESA, AZ 85202
10335 N SCOTTSDALE RD 12.5 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85253
5601 W EUGIE AVE STE 213 12.5 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85304
5410 W Thunderbird Rd Ste 101 12.7 miles
Glendale, AZ 85306
5555 W THUNDERBIRD RD 12.7 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85306
7425 E Shea Blvd Ste 108 12.8 miles
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
3229 E GREENWAY RD STE 102 12.8 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85032
5750 W THUNDERBIRD RD STE E540 12.9 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85306
3102 E GREENWAY RD PO BOX 55030 12.9 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85032
9494 W NORTHERN AVE STE 101 13.0 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85305
835 W UNIVERSITY DR 13.1 miles
MESA, AZ 85201
401 E BELL RD STE 18 13.2 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85022
1717 E BELL RD 13.4 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85022
8989 E VIA LINDA STE 111 13.6 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85258
2875 W RAY RD STE 8 13.7 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85224
2075 W WARNER RD STE 2 13.7 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85224
4810 W BEVERLY LN 13.8 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85306
3180 N ALMA SCHOOL RD STE 1 14.1 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85224
13260 N 94TH DR MEDICAL CENTER #3, STE 106 14.3 miles
PEORIA, AZ 85381
11250 N 92ND ST 14.6 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85260
535 E McKellips Rd Ste 101 14.7 miles
Mesa, AZ 85203
535 E MCKELLIPS RD 14.7 miles
MESA, AZ 85203
14155 N 83RD AVE BLDG 8 STE 148 14.7 miles
PEORIA, AZ 85381
19636 N 27TH AVE STE 102 15.2 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85027
19829 N 27TH AVE 15.2 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85027
13075 W MCDOWELL RD STE D106 15.4 miles
AVONDALE, AZ 85392
561 E ELLIOT RD STE 171 15.4 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85225
1955 W FRYE RD 15.4 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85224
475 S DOBSON RD 15.5 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85224
600 S DOBSON RD STE C-26 15.5 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85224
18589 N 59TH AVE STE 101 15.6 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85308
15223 N 87TH ST STE 110 15.7 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85260
936 W CHANDLER BLVD STE 1 15.9 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85225
13555 W MCDOWELL RD, STE 208 16.0 miles
GOODYEAR, AZ 85395
18701 N 67TH AVE 16.0 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85308
6525 W SACK DR STE 306 16.1 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85308
501 W VAN BUREN ST STE L 16.1 miles
AVONDALE, AZ 85323
10401 W THUNDERBIRD BLVD 16.2 miles
SUN CITY, AZ 85351
5777 E MAYO BLVD 16.3 miles
PHOENIX, AZ 85054
PO BOX 2123 16.3 miles
SUN CITY, AZ 85372
13677 W MCDOWELL RD 16.3 miles
GOODYEAR, AZ 85395
1507 N LITCHFIELD RD 16.4 miles
Goodyear, AZ 85395
2910 N LITCHFIELD RD 16.5 miles
GOODYEAR, AZ 85395
1151 N GILBERT RD 16.5 miles
MESA, AZ 85203
18301 N 79TH AVE STE D148 16.6 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85308
20280 N 59TH AVE STE 116 16.6 miles
GLENDALE, AZ 85308
8585 E HARTFORD DR STE 105 16.8 miles
SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85255
20950 N Tatum Blvd Ste 190 16.8 miles
Phoenix, AZ 85050
201 W GUADALUPE RD STE 302 17.1 miles
GILBERT, AZ 85233
14044 W CAMELBACK RD STE 226 17.1 miles
LITCHFIELD PARK, AZ 85340
2048 E BASELINE RD STE C-5 17.2 miles
MESA, AZ 85204
9745 W Bell Road Ste 105 17.3 miles
Sun City, AZ 85351
3130 E BASELINE RD STE 105 18.3 miles
MESA, AZ 85204
415 N VAL VISTA DR STE 101 18.6 miles
MESA, AZ 85213
3730 W HAPPY VALLEY RD STE 100 18.7 miles
Glendale, AZ 85310
1959 S VAL VISTA DR STE 106 19.0 miles
MESA, AZ 85204
3705 S ARIZONA AVE STE 1 19.1 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85248
20470 N LAKE PLEASANT RD 19.4 miles
PEORIA, AZ 85382
3921 E BASELINE RD STE 110 19.4 miles
GILBERT, AZ 85234
4401 E McKellips Rd Ste 102 19.5 miles
Mesa, AZ 85215
12775 W BELL RD 19.7 miles
SURPRISE, AZ 85378
250 W CHANDLER HEIGHTS RD 19.9 miles
CHANDLER, AZ 85248
26627 S SNEAD DR 19.9 miles
SUN LAKES, AZ 85248
920 E WILLIAMS FIELD RD STE 101 20.2 miles
GILBERT, AZ 85295
2550 N Thunderbird Cir STE 123 20.5 miles
Mesa, AZ 85215
1920 N Higley Rd Ste 108 21.0 miles
Gilbert, AZ 85234
6118 E BROWN RD. 21.6 miles
MESA, AZ 85205
14418 W MEEKER BLVD STE 104 22.4 miles
SUN CITY WEST, AZ 85375
1066 N POWER RD 22.5 miles
MESA, AZ 85205
15351 W BELL RD STE 100 22.5 miles
SURPRISE, AZ 85374
17225 E SHEA BLVD STE 105 22.5 miles
FOUNTAIN HILLS, AZ 85268
14800 W Mountain View Blvd Ste 100 22.7 miles
Surprise, AZ 85374
1810 S POWER RD 22.9 miles
MESA, AZ 85206
"When you need a test, choose the best"
How to schedule a DOT drug test in Phoenix, AZ
To schedule any type of DOT drug test or alcohol test in Phoenix, AZ call our local scheduling department at (800) 221-4291. You may also schedule your DOT drug test online utilizing our express scheduling registration system by selecting your test and completing the Donor Information/Registration Section. You must register for the test prior to proceeding to the testing center.
The zip code you enter will be used to determine the closest DOT drug or DOT alcohol testing center which performs the type of test you have selected. A donor pass/registration form with the local testing center address, hours of operation and instructions will be sent to the e-mail address you provided. Take this form with you or have it available on your smart phone to provide to the testing center. No appointment is necessary in most cases. However, you must complete the donor information section and pay for the test at the time of registration.
Our laboratories are SAMHSA certified and all test results are verified by our in-house licensed physicians who serve as Medical Review Officers (MRO).
In addition to providing DOT drug testing and DOT breath alcohol testing in Phoenix, AZ, Accredited Drug Testing also has additional testing centers throughout the metropolitan area and surrounding cities.
On the road or on vacation, no worries, Accredited Drug Testing has over 20,000 testing centers in all cities Nationwide and we can schedule your test, ANYWHERE, ANYTIME!
What are the DOT drug testing requirements?
In 1991, the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act created the following DOT Agencies which established drug and alcohol testing regulations to ensure that aircraft, trains, trucks, and buses were operated in a safe and responsible manner. As an employer or individual operating in a "Safety Sensitive" position, it is important to understand how these regulations impact you.
49 CFR Part 40 (commonly known as "part 40") explains:
- How drug and alcohol testing is conducted
- Who is authorized to participate in the drug and alcohol testing program
- What employees must do before they may return to duty after a drug and/or alcohol violation
Each DOT Agency and the USCG have specific regulations that cover:
- The agency's prohibitions on drug and alcohol use
- Who is subject to comply with these regulations
- What type of testing is required
- When testing is required
- Consequences of non-compliance
FMCSA Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) amended its rule that would establish requirements for commercial driver's license employers and individuals with regards to the drug and alcohol clearing house which will take affect on January 6, 2020.
The FMCSA Clearinghouse is a secure online database that will allow employers, the FMCSA, State Driver Licensing Agencies, State Law Enforcement and individual CDL operators to access real time important information about a CDL Driver's drug and alcohol program violations and the ultimate goal of this database is to enhance safety on our Nation's public roadways.
For specific requirements, click the appropriate agency listed below in which you or your company is regulated by. Ask about our DOT Complete Compliance Package!
- Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (14 CFR Part 120)
- United States Coast Guard (USCG) (46 CFR Parts 4,5 and 16)
- Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) (49 CFR Part 382)
- Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) (49 CFR Part 199)
- Federal Transit Administration (FTA) (49 CFR Part 655)
- Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) (49 CFR Part 219)
The Opioid Overdose Crisis
Every day, more than 130 people in the United States die after overdosing on opioids. The misuse of and addiction to opioids, including prescription pain relievers, heroin, and synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, is a serious national crisis that affects public health as well as social and economic welfare. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the total "economic burden" of prescription opioid misuse alone in the United States is $78.5 billion a year, including the costs of healthcare, lost productivity, addiction treatment, and criminal justice involvement.
- Roughly 21 to 29 percent of patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain misuse them.
- Between 8 and 12 percent develop an opioid use disorder.
- An estimated 4 to 6 percent who misuse prescription opioids transition to heroin.
- About 80 percent of people who use heroin first misused prescription opioids.
- Opioid overdoses increased 30 percent from July 2016 through September 2017 in 52 areas in 45 states.
- The Midwestern region saw opioid overdoses increase 70 percent from July 2016 through September 2017.
- Opioid overdoses in large cities increase by 54 percent in 16 states.
In the late 1990s, pharmaceutical companies reassured the medical community that patients would not become addicted to prescription opioid pain relievers, and healthcare providers began to prescribe them at greater rates. This subsequently led to widespread diversion and misuse of these medications before it became clear that these medications could indeed be highly addictive.3,4 Opioid overdose rates began to increase. In 2017, more than 47,000 Americans died as a result of an opioid overdose, including prescription opioids, heroin, and illicitly manufactured fentanyl, a powerful synthetic opioid.1That same year, an estimated 1.7 million people in the United States suffered from substance use disorders related to prescription opioid pain relievers, and 652,000 suffered from a heroin use disorder (not mutually exclusive)
DOT Compliance Checklist in Phoenix, AZ
DOT 49 CFR Part 40 Requirements for Safety Sensitive Employees.
(FMCSA-FAA-USCG-FRA-PHMSA-FTA)
- Pre-Employment Tests
- Correct Federal Custody & Control Form (CCF)
- Substance Abuse Professional Process
- Regulations on File
- Random Pool Testing
- *Supervisor Training
- *Written Policy
- Post-Accident Testing Situations
- Previous Employers Checks
- Employee Education
- Record Keeping
- Removal of covered Employee
- Designated Employer Representative
* In addition, any company which employs 2 or more covered employees must have a written drug and alcohol policy and all supervisors must complete the DOT Supervisor Reasonable Suspicion Training. (Click here to learn more about our online training programs)
If a DOT covered employee or company does not have a copy of the original pre-employment drug test with a negative result, then a new DOT pre-employment drug test must be conducted, and the result maintained on file.
The department of transportation (DOT) requires that all DOT regulated "safety sensitive" employees have on file a negative DOT pre-employment drug test result and be a member of a DOT approved random selection consortium. In addition, if a DOT regulated company has more than one "safety sensitive" employee, the employer must also have a written DOT drug and alcohol policy and an on-site supervisor must have completed supervisor training for reasonable suspicion of illegal drug use or impairment.
To be compliant with DOT regulations, a company's DOT drug and alcohol testing program must have the following components. Failing to comply can result in significant fines and penalties.
What is a DOT Drug Test in Phoenix, AZ?
On January 1, 2018 the Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a new rule which altered the DOT 5 panel urine test. Employers and individuals should be aware that the current DOT drug test is still a urine drug test, collected by qualified collectors, analyzed at a SAMHSA certified laboratory and reviewed by a licensed Medical Review Officer. Below you will find a list of the drugs that are screened for in the DOT 5 panel urine drug test:
- Marijuana (THC)
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines
- Opioids**
- Phencyclidine (PCP)
- Pre-employment
- Random
- Reasonable suspicion
- Return to Duty
- Post-Accident
- Follow Up
** Special note: Opioids' was previously called Opiates' and all DOT drug tests will continue to include confirmation testing for Codeine, Morphine, and 6-AM (heroin) when necessary.
In the January rule change, the Department of Transportation (DOT) also added initial screening and confirmation testing for the semi-synthetic opioids Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, and Oxymorphone to this Opioids group
When is a DOT drug test required in Phoenix, AZ?
All safety sensitive employees regardless of DOT agency are required for the following drug testing and/or alcohol testing based on each situation:
What is DOT pre employment testing in Phoenix, AZ?
As a new hire or a current employee transferring from a non-safety sensitive function into a safety sensitive function (even with the same employer), you are required to submit to a DOT pre employment drug test.
Some employers may, but are not required to, conduct pre employment alcohol testing. Only after your employer receives a negative pre employment DOT drug test result (and negative alcohol test result - if administered) may you begin performing in a safety-sensitive capacity.
What is random DOT Drug Testing in Phoenix, AZ?
All safety sensitive employees are subject to unannounced random drug & alcohol testing. Alcohol testing is administered just prior to, during or just after performing safety-sensitive functions. Depending on the industry specific regulations, you may only be subject to random drug testing.
Listed below are the current (2019) DOT random testing rates for each DOT agency.
The following chart outlines the annual minimum drug and alcohol random testing rates established within DOT Agencies and the USCG for 2019. | ||
DOT Agency | 2019 Random Drug Testing Rate | 2019 Random Alcohol Testing Rate |
---|---|---|
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration [FMCSA] |
25% | 10% |
Federal Aviation Administration [FAA] |
25% | 10% |
Federal Railroad Administration [FRA] |
25% - Covered Service 50% - Maintenance of Way * |
10% - Covered Service 25% - Maintenance of Way * |
Federal Transit Administration [FTA] |
50% | 10% |
Federal Transit Administration [FTA] |
50% | N/A |
United States Coast Guard [USCG] (with the Dept. of Homeland Security) |
50% | N/A |
What is reasonable suspicion DOT drug testing in Phoenix, AZ?
Safety sensitive individuals and employees are required to submit to any test (whether it is a drug test, alcohol test or both) that a supervisor requests based on reasonable suspicion. Reasonable suspicion means that one or more trained supervisors reasonably believes or suspects that you are under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Supervisors cannot require testing based on a hunch or guess alone; their suspicion must be based on observations concerning your appearance, behavior, speech and smell that are usually associated with drug or alcohol use
What is return to duty DOT Drug Testing in Phoenix, AZ?
If you have violated the prohibited drug & alcohol testing rules, you are required to take a return to duty drug and/or alcohol test before being allowed to return to a safety-sensitive function for any DOT regulated employer. You may also be subject to unannounced follow-up testing for at least 6 times in the first 12 months following your return to active safety-sensitive service.
Return-to-duty tests must be conducted under direct observation.
What is DOT post accident drug testing Phoenix, AZ?
If you are involved in an event (accident, crash, etc.) meeting certain criteria of the DOT agency, a post-accident drug test will be required. In most cases you will then have to take a drug and alcohol test if you are involved in a qualifying crash. Each DOT agency may have specific rules with regards to what is a post-accident test, for example, the FRA requires a blood specimen for drug testing and an alcohol test.
If you are involved in a qualifying accident, you are required to remain available for this testing and are not permitted to refuse testing.
Remember: Safety-sensitive employees are obligated by law to submit to and cooperate in drug & alcohol testing mandated by DOT regulations.
What is DOT follow up drug testing Phoenix, AZ?
DOT follow up testing occurs when an individual has violated the drug and alcohol testing rules. The amount of follow-up testing you receive is determined by a Substance Abuse Professional (SAP) and may continue for up to 5 years. This means the SAP will determine how many times you will be tested (at least 6 times in the first year), for how long, and for what substance (i.e. drugs, alcohol, or both). Your employer is responsible for ensuring that follow-up testing is conducted and completed. Follow up testing is in addition to all other DOT required testing and all follow-up tests will be observed. For more information on the SAP process or to locate a Substance Abuse Professional in Phoenix, AZ simply call us at (800)221-4291
To schedule a DOT drug or alcohol test in Phoenix, AZ Call (800) 221-4291 or select the Phoenix, AZ DOT Drug Testing Location Near You
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Local Area Info: Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of Arizona, with 1,626,000 people (as of 2017[update]). It is also the fifth most populous city in the United States, and the most populous American state capital, and the only state capital with a population of more than one million residents.
Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is part of the Salt River Valley. The metropolitan area is the 11th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.73 million people as of 2017[update]. Phoenix is the seat of Maricopa County and the largest city in the state at 517.9 square miles (1,341 km2), more than twice the size of Tucson and one of the largest cities in the United States.
Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers and was incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of Arizona Territory in 1889. It is located in the northeastern reaches of the Sonoran Desert and has a hot desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a thriving farming community with the original settler's crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus, and hay. Cotton, cattle, citrus, climate, and copper were known locally as the "Five C's" anchoring Phoenix's economy. These remained the driving forces of the city until after World War II, when high-tech companies began to move into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.